I-Evolution kunye nokubaluleka kwezibane zeNtloko kuKhuseleko lweziThuthi

Ukususela ekuvelweni kwemoto,izibane zentlokoziye zavela kwindlela elula yokukhanyisa indlela ebusuku ukuya kwindawo ephucukileyo edlala indima ebalulekileyo kukhuseleko kunye noyilo lweemoto. Njengenye yezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo zokukhanyisa inqwelo-mafutha, izibane zangaphambili azipheleli nje ekubonakaleni ngakumbi kubaqhubi kodwa zikwabangela ukuba izithuthi zibonakale ngakumbi kubahambi ngeenyawo, abakhweli beebhayisikile, nakwabanye abaqhubi—ingakumbi kwiimeko apho ukukhanya okuphantsi, imozulu embi, okanye xa kuthi qheke ukusa nangokuhlwa.

Iintsuku zokuqala zezibane zeemoto zaphawulwa ngokulula kunye nokulinganiselwa. Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iimoto zokuqala zazixhomekeke kwizibane zeoli okanye izibane zegesi, ezifana nezo zisetyenziswa kwiinqwelo ezitsalwa ngamahashe. Ezi zibane zazivelisa ukukhanya okumfiliba, okudanyazayo okwabangela ukuba kungabonakali kakuhle, nto leyo eyayisenza ukuba ukuqhuba ebusuku kube ngumsebenzi oyingozi. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, izibane zombane zaqalisa ukuthabathel’ indawo ezo zangaphambili zisekelwe ekutshiseni. Izibane zokuqala zombane, eziveliswe kwi-1912, zaziziibhubhu ze-incandescent eziqhutywa yibhetri yesithuthi, zibonelela ngomthombo wokukhanya oqaqambileyo kunye nohambelana ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, babenemiqobo: badla amandla abalulekileyo, bavelisa ubushushu, kwaye ukuqaqamba kwabo kuncipha ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka, inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji iguqule uyilo lokukhanya kwentloko kunye nokusebenza. Phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 kuye kwavezwa izibane ezitywiniweyo, ezidibanisa ibhalbhu, ireflector, kunye nelens zibe yiyunithi enye. Olu yilo luphucule ukuqina kwaye lwanciphisa iimfuno zokulondolozwa, njengoko yonke indibano yatshintshwa xa ibhalbhu itshile. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980, kwavela izibane ezidityanisiweyo, ezivumela isitayile esiguquguqukayo kunye nokuhanjiswa kokukhanya okungcono. Ezi zibane zahlula ibhalbhu kwisibonisi kunye nelensi, zenza ukuba ii-automakers zenze uyilo olucekeceke, olunomoya ngakumbi lo gama bekhulisa ukukhanya.

Namhlanje, iimoto zanamhlanje zixhotyiswe ngoluhlu lwetekhnoloji yokukhanya okuphezulu, nganye ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezizodwa. Izibane zeHalogen, eziye zasasazeka ngo-1970, zisebenzisa i-tungsten filament efakwe kwi-bulb ye-halogen egcwele igesi. Ziyafikeleleka, kulula ukuzitshintsha, kwaye zibonelela ngokukhanya okufudumeleyo, okutyheli okuqhelekileyo kuninzi lwabaqhubi. Nangona kunjalo, abanamandla kangako kwaye baphila ubomi obufutshane xa kuthelekiswa nobuchwepheshe obutsha.

I-Xenon HID (i-High-Intensity Discharge) izibane zentloko, eziveliswe kwiminyaka yee-1990, zibonisa ukutsiba okubalulekileyo phambili. Ezi zibane zisebenzisa i-arc yombane phakathi kwe-electrode ezimbini kwiglowubhu ezaliswe yigesi ye-xenon ukuvelisa ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo, okumhlophe okufana ngokusondeleyo nokukhanya kwemvelo kwemini. Izibane ze-HID zibonelela ngokubonakala okungcono, uluhlu olude, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi kuneebhalbhu ze-halogen. Bakwanobomi obude, nto leyo ebenza babe lukhetho oludumileyo kwezobunewunewu kunye nezithuthi ezisebenza kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zabo eziphakamileyo kunye nokukhazimla okunokubakho kubaqhubi abazayo zizithintelo eziphawulekayo.

Utshintsho lwamva nje kwitekhnoloji yesibane sezibane zeLED (Light-Emitting Diode) izibane zangaphambili. Ii-LED zizixhobo ze-semiconductor ezikhupha ukukhanya xa umbane wombane udlula kuzo. Zinamandla kakhulu, zidla amandla angaphantsi kwama-80% kunee-halogen bulbs, kwaye ziphila ixesha elide kakhulu - zihlala zihlala ubomi bonke besithuthi. Izibane ze-LED zivelisa ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okumhlophe okwandisa ukuchasana kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima bamehlo kubaqhubi. Ukongeza, ubungakanani babo obubambeneyo buvumela ii-automakers ukuba ziyile iimilo ezintsonkothileyo zesibane, ukongeza kwisibheno sobuhle besithuthi. Iinkqubo ezininzi ze-LED zanamhlanje zikwabonisa iteknoloji eguquguqukayo, njenge-adaptive-front-lighting systems (AFS), ehlengahlengisa isalathiso kunye nobukhulu bokukhanya ngokusekelwe kwisantya semoto, i-angle yokulawula, kunye neemeko ezingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa ujika, i-AFS ijikeleza izibane zokukhanyisa ijika, iphucula ukubonakala okujikelezayo.

Ngaphandle kokuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, izibane zangaphambili zikwaphantsi kwemigaqo engqongqo yokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokunciphisa ilitha. Oorhulumente kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, njengoMbutho weeNjineli zeZimoto (i-SAE) kunye neKomishoni yezoQoqosho yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yaseYurophu (i-UNECE), ibeka imigangatho yokukhanya kwentloko, i-beam pattern, kunye nokubekwa. Le migaqo ijolise ekulinganiseni imfuno yokubonakala okwaneleyo kumqhubi kunye nokukhuselwa kwezithuthi ezizayo kwi-glare egqithisileyo, enokubangela ukungaboni okwethutyana kunye nokwandisa ingozi yeengozi.

Ukubaluleka kwezibane zentloko kukhuseleko lweemoto akunakuchazwa. Ngokutsho kweNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), ipesenti enkulu yeengozi zendlela zenzeke ngexesha lokukhanya okuphantsi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kokukhanya okufanelekileyo kunokunciphisa umngcipheko wezi ngozi. Ngaphandle kokukhanyisa endleleni, izibane zangaphambili zikwabonisa ubukho besithuthi kwabanye, nto leyo ebalulekileyo kwiimeko zemozulu engentle njengemvula, inkungu okanye ikhephu. Ezinye iimoto zale mihla zikwabonisa izibane zasemini (DRLs), izibane ezikhanyayo ezihlala zikhanya emini.