Ukukhanya komsila oyimfuneko: Umsebenzi, i-Evolution, kunye nokubaluleka koKhuseleko

Kuzo zonke iimoto-ukusuka kwiimoto ezixineneyo ukuya kwiilori ezinzima, izithuthuthu ukuya kwiibhayisekile-kukho icandelo elihlala lingahoywa kodwa libalulekile kukhuseleko ezindleleni: iukukhanya komsila. Ngaphezu nje kwebhalbhu elula egcinwe kwibhokisi yeplastiki, ukukhanya komsila kusebenza njengonxibelelwano oluthe cwaka, ukuhambisa ubukho besithuthi, indawo kunye neenjongo kwabanye abasebenzisi bendlela. Ukuvela kwayo kumashumi eminyaka ibonakalisa inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yeemoto, isayensi yezinto, kunye nemigangatho yokhuseleko, iyenza ibe yinxalenye yezothutho zanamhlanje.

Imisebenzi enguNdoqo: Ngaphaya koKhanyiso

Kwinqanaba layo elisisiseko, indima ephambili yokukhanya komsila kukwenza isithuthi sibonakale kwabanye, ngakumbi kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi, ubumnyama, okanye imozulu embi njengemvula, inkungu, okanye ikhephu. Ngokungafaniyo nezibane zangaphambili, ezikhanyisa indlela engaphambili kumqhubi, izibane zomsila zenza kubengezela okubomvu ngasemva, ziqinisekisa ukuba iimoto ezilandelayo zinokuwubona umgama, isantya kunye necala lemoto engaphambili. Oku kubonakala akuyondlwan’ iyanetha—kukusindis’ ubomi, njengoko ungquzulwano olungasemva lubangela inxalenye enkulu yeengozi zendlela ehlabathini lonke, uninzi lwazo olubangelwa kukungaboni kakuhle.

Ngaphandle kokubonakala okusisiseko, izibane zomsila zanamhlanje zidibanisa imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo ukuphucula unxibelelwano. Izibane zeBrake, eziqaqamba ngakumbi kunezo ziqhelekileyo zomsila, zisebenza xa umqhubi ecinezela isiqhoboshi, nto leyo ebonisa abanye ukuba inqwelo-mafutha iyacotha okanye iyamisa. Imiqondiso yokuguqula, ngokuqhelekileyo i-amber ngombala (obomvu kweminye imimandla yeempawu zangasemva), i-flash ukubonisa ukujika okucetywayo kwesobunxele okanye ngasekunene, ukuvumela abaqhubi abasondeleyo nabahamba ngeenyawo ukuba balindele ukuhamba kwesithuthi. Izibane ezibuyela umva, ezimhlophe, zikhanyisa xa isithuthi sitshintshelwa umva, silumkisa abo basemva ukuba isithuthi sixhasa umva. Ezinye iimodeli eziphambili zikwabandakanya izibane zenkungu ngaphakathi kwendibano yokukhanya komsila, eyilelwe ukunqumla inkungu eshinyeneyo ngaphandle kokubonisa ilitha elibuyela kumqhubi.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo: Ukusuka kwiiBhalbhu ze-Incandescent ukuya kwiTekhnoloji ye-LED

Imbali yokukhanya komsila ibuyele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, xa iimoto zaqala ukutshintsha iinqwelo ezitsalwa ngamahashe. Izibane zangaphambili zomsila zazizibane zeoli ezilula okanye izibane zegesi, ezifana nezo zisetyenziselwa iinqwelo, zibonelela ngokukhanya okuncinci kwaye zifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo. Njengoko izithuthi zombane zafumana ukuthandwa, ii-bulb ze-incandescent zaba ngumgangatho wezibane zomsila kwiminyaka yee-1920. Ezi glowubhu, zisebenza ngokufudumeza umsonto we-tungsten ukuvelisa ukukhanya, zazifikeleleka yaye kulula ukuzivelisa kodwa zinemiqobo ephawulekayo: zazidla amandla amaninzi, zaziphila ubomi obufutshane (ngokuqhelekileyo iiyure ezili-1 000 ukuya kwezingama-2 000), yaye zazithabatha iqhezu lomzuzwana ukuze zifikelele ekukhanyeni okupheleleyo.

Inkulungwane ye-21 yazisa inguqu kwitekhnoloji yokukhanya komsila kunye nokwamkelwa kwe-Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Ii-LED zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi kwiibhalbhu ze-incandescent: ziwonga kakhulu amandla (zidla ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% yamandla angaphantsi), zinobomi obude kakhulu (iiyure ezingama-50,000 ukuya kwi-100,000), kwaye zikhanyisa ngoko nangoko, zinika ixesha lokusabela ngokukhawuleza kubaqhubi abalandelayo. Ii-LED zikwancinci kwaye ziguquguquka ngakumbi kuyilo, zivumela ii-automakers ukuba zenze i-sleek, iindibano zokukhanya komsila ngokwezifiso eziphucula umtsalane wobuhle besithuthi ngelixa uphucula ukusebenza. Ngokomzekelo, izibane ze-LED zomsila ziyakwazi ukulungelelaniswa kwimicu, amaqoqo, okanye iipatheni eziguquguqukayo-ezifana neempawu zokujika ezilandelelanayo, ezisuka ngaphakathi ukuya kumda wangaphandle wendibano yokukhanya-ukwenza iinjongo zesithuthi zicace ngakumbi.

Inkqubela phambili yamva nje ityhale itekhnoloji yokukhanya komsila nangakumbi. Izibane zomsila eziguquguqukayo, ezilungisa ukukhanya kwazo kunye nepateni ngokusekelwe kwiimeko zokuqhuba, ziya zixhaphaka. Kwiindawo zokukhanya okuphantsi, ziyakhazimla ukukhulisa ukubonakala; xa kuxinana iimoto, basenokuba norhatyazo kancinane ukuze baphephe abaqhubi abahle ngasemva. Ezinye iimoto zodidi ngoku zine-OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) izibane zasemsila, ezibhityileyo, ezikhaphukhaphu, nezikwaziyo ukuvelisa ukukhanya okufanayo kunee-LED. Ii-OLED zinokwahlulwa ngokweepikseli zomntu ngamnye, zivumela ukukhanya okuguquguqukayo okuphendula kwisantya sesithuthi, umkhombandlela, okanye nakwigalelo lomqhubi.

ImiGangatho yoKhuseleko kunye nokuThotyelwa kweMigaqo

Ngenxa yendima ebalulekileyo yokukhanya komsila kukhuseleko ezindleleni, oorhulumente kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe baye bamisela imigangatho engqongqo yoyilo, ukusebenza kunye nokubekwa kwayo. Kumazwe amaninzi, izibane zomsila kufuneka zikhuphe ukukhanya okubomvu okubonakalayo ukusuka kumgama omncinane (ngokuqhelekileyo i-100 ukuya kwi-500 yeemitha, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesithuthi) kwaye kufuneka zixhonywe kumphakamo othile ngaphezu komhlaba. Izibane zeBrake kufuneka ziqaqambe kunezibane zomsila ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyahlukaniseka, kwaye iisignali zokujika kufuneka zidanyaze ngesantya esingaguqukiyo (ngokuqhelekileyo 60 ukuya kwi-120 idanyazi ngomzuzu). Le migangatho ihlaziywa rhoqo ukuze ihambelane nenkqubela phambili yezobuchwepheshe kunye nokujongana neenkxalabo ezivelayo zokhuseleko.

Imithetho ikwayalela ukuba izibane zasemisileni zomelele kwaye zikwazi ukumelana nemozulu, zikwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo, ukufuma kunye nokungcangcazela. Oku kuqhubele phambili ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu kwiindibano zokukhanya komsila, ezifana nelensi zepolycarbonate (ezingenakuqhekeka kunye ne-scratch-resistant-resistant) kunye nezindlu ezikwaziyo ukubola. Ukongeza, amazwe amaninzi afuna ukuba izithuthi zibe nezibane ezigcina umsila xa ezo ziphambili zisilela, okomeleza ngakumbi ukuthembeka.

Ikamva lezibane zomsila: I-Smart kwaye iQhagamshelwe

Njengoko iimoto ziqhagamshelwa ngakumbi kwaye zizimele, izibane zomsila zilungele ukuvela zibe zizixhobo zonxibelelwano ezinobunkunkqele. Izibane zomsila zexesha elizayo zinokudityaniswa neenzwa zesithuthi, iikhamera, kunye nenkqubo yokukhangela ukuhambisa ulwazi olunzima ngakumbi kwabanye abasebenzisi bendlela. Umzekelo, isibane somsila okrelekrele sinokudanyazisa ipateni ethile ukulumkisa abaqhubi ngasemva ngengozi enokwenzeka (efana nokumisa ngesiquphe okanye indawo yokuwela abahambi ngeenyawo) okanye ibonise utshintsho olucetywayo lwesithuthi. Kwizithuthi ezizimeleyo, izibane zomsila zinokudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi ekunxibelelaneni ngezenzo zesithuthi kubahambi ngeenyawo kunye nabanye abaqhubi, abanokuthi bathembele kancinci kwiimpawu zabantu.

Omnye umkhwa ovelayo kukudityaniswa kwezibane zasemsila nezinye iinkqubo zezithuthi, ezifana ne-adaptive cruise control kunye ne-lane-keeping assist. Umzekelo, ukuba isithuthi esilungelelaniswayo solawulo lokuhamba ngenqanawa sibhaqa imoto ehamba kancinane ngaphambili kwaye iqalisa ukwehla isantya, ukukhanya komsila kungaziqaqambisa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuze kulumkise abaqhubi abalandelayo ngaphambi kwesibane seziqhoboshi. Ngokufanayo, ukuba isithuthi siyakhukuliseka ngaphandle kwendlela yaso, umqondiso wokujika ohambelanayo unokudanyaza ngokufihlakeleyo ukulumkisa izithuthi ezikufutshane.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukukhanya komsila, kanye ne-accessory elula, iye yaguquka yaba yinto enzima, icandelo lemisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kukhuseleko ezindleleni kunye nonxibelelwano lwezithuthi. Ukusuka kwii-incandescent bulbs ukuya kwii-LED nangaphezulu, ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kuye kwaqhutywa ngokuzibophezela ekunciphiseni iingozi kunye nokuphucula amava okuqhuba ngokubanzi. Njengoko sisiya kwikamva lezithuthi ezikrelekrele nezizimeleyo, ukukhanya komsila kuya kuqhubeka nokuziqhelanisa, kusebenza njengekhonkco elibalulekileyo phakathi kwezithuthi, abaqhubi, nabahambi ngeenyawo. Ehlabathini apho ukhuseleko lwendlela luxhomekeke kunxibelelwano olucacileyo, ukukhanya komsila othobekileyo kuhlala kuliqhawe elingenakulinganiswa-ukusebenza ngokuzolileyo ukusigcina sonke sikhuselekile endleleni.